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Journal of Language and Social Psychology, Vol. 25, No. 1, 33-46 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/0261927X05284477

Powerful and Powerless Language Forms

Their Consequences for Impression Formation, Attributions of Control of Self and Control of Others, Cognitive Responses, and Message Memory

Lawrence A. Hosman

Susan A. Siltanen

University of Southern Mississippi

This study investigates the effect of hedges, tag questions, intensifiers, and powerful messages on four sets of dependent variables: speaker evaluation, control of self and control of others attributions, cognitive responses, and message memorability. The results show that the four message types differ across measures of dynamism, control of self and control of others attributions, and three cognitive response categories. For the speakerevaluation and control-attribution variables, intensifiers are evaluated most positively and hedges are evaluated most negatively. On the cognitive-response measures, a more mixed pattern of results emerges. The results are discussed in terms of their importance for understanding the cognitive processing of these four message types.

Key Words: powerless speech • impression formation • cognitive responses • memory • speaker evaluation


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A. M. Durik, M. A. Britt, R. Reynolds, and J. Storey
The Effects of Hedges in Persuasive Arguments: A Nuanced Analysis of Language
Journal of Language and Social Psychology, September 1, 2008; 27(3): 217 - 234.
[Abstract] [PDF]